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The Berkeley Evolution Site The Berkeley site has resources that can help students and educators understand and teach evolution. The materials are organized in various learning paths that can be used in a variety of ways for example “What does T. rex look like?” Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how creatures who are better able to adapt to changes in their environments survive longer and those that do not become extinct. This process of evolution in biology is what science is all about. What is Evolution? The word evolution has many nonscientific meanings, such as “progress” or “descent with modification.” It is a scientific term that is used to describe the process of changing characteristics over time in organisms or species. This change is based in biological terms on natural drift and selection. Evolution is a key concept in modern biology. It is an accepted theory that has stood up to the test of time and thousands of scientific studies. Unlike many other scientific theories, such as the Copernican theory or the germ theory of disease, evolution does not address issues of religion or God's existence. Early evolutionists such as Erasmus Darwin (Charles’s grandfather) and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed that certain physical traits were predetermined to evolve in a gradual manner over time. This was called the “Ladder of Nature”, or scala Naturae. Charles Lyell first used this term in 1833 in his Principles of Geology. In the early 1800s, Darwin formulated his theory of evolution and published it in his book On the Origin of Species. It asserts that different species of organisms share the same ancestry, which can be proven through fossils and other evidence. This is the modern view on evolution, and is supported in many scientific fields, including molecular biology. Although scientists aren't able to determine the exact mechanism by which organisms evolved however they are sure that the evolution of life on earth is the result of natural selection and genetic drift. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to live and reproduce, and these individuals transmit their genes to the next generation. As time passes the gene pool gradually changes and develops into new species. Some scientists also employ the term evolution to refer to large-scale evolutionary changes, such as the formation of an entirely new species from an ancestral species. Certain scientists, such as population geneticists, define the term “evolution” in a more broad sense by using the term “net change” to refer to the variation in the frequency of alleles over generations. Both definitions are valid and reliable however, some scientists claim that the allele-frequency definition omits crucial aspects of the evolutionary process. Origins of Life A key step in evolution is the appearance of life. The emergence of life occurs when living systems begin to evolve at a micro scale, for instance within cells. The origin of life is a topic in many disciplines that include biology, chemistry and geology. The question of how living things started is of particular importance in science due to it being an enormous challenge to the theory of evolution. It is sometimes referred to as “the mystery” of life or “abiogenesis.” Traditionally, the notion that life could emerge from nonliving things is called spontaneous generation or “spontaneous evolution.” This was a popular belief prior to Louis Pasteur's experiments proved that it was impossible for the emergence of life to be a result of the natural process. Many scientists still believe that it is possible to make the transition from nonliving substances to life. The conditions needed to create life are difficult to replicate in a laboratory. Researchers who are interested in the evolution and origins of life are also keen to understand the physical properties of the early Earth as well as other planets. Additionally, the evolution of life is an intricate sequence of chemical reactions that can't be predicted from the fundamental physical laws on their own. This includes the conversion of long, information-rich molecules (DNA or RNA) into proteins that perform some function as well as the replication of these complex molecules to create new DNA or RNA sequences. These chemical reactions can be compared to a chicken-and egg problem that is the emergence and growth of DNA/RNA, the protein-based cell machinery, is necessary for the beginning of life. However without life, the chemistry that is required to make it possible does appear to work. Abiogenesis research requires collaboration among researchers from different fields. This includes prebiotic chemists the astrobiologists, the planet scientists, geologists and geophysicists. Evolutionary Changes The term “evolution” is used to describe cumulative changes in genetic characteristics over time. These changes may result from the response to environmental pressures as explained in the article on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background), or from natural selection. This is a process that increases the frequency of genes that confer an advantage in survival over others which results in a gradual change in the overall appearance of a group. The specific mechanisms behind these changes in evolutionary process include mutation or reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as gene flow between populations. While mutation and reshuffling of genes occur in all living organisms and the process by which beneficial mutations are more frequent is called natural selection. This occurs because, as we've mentioned earlier those with the beneficial trait tend to have a higher reproduction rate than those who do not have it. Over the course of several generations, this difference in the numbers of offspring produced can result in an inclination towards a shift in the average number of beneficial traits within a group of. This can be seen in the evolution of different beak shapes on finches from the Galapagos Islands. They have developed these beaks so that they can access food more easily in their new habitat. These changes in the shape and form of organisms could also help create new species. The majority of changes are caused by a single mutation, but sometimes several occur at the same time. The majority of these changes are neutral or even harmful to the organism however, a small proportion of them can have an advantageous impact on the longevity and reproduction of the species, thus increasing their frequency in the population over time. This is the way of natural selection, and it can be a time-consuming process that produces the gradual changes that eventually result in a new species. Some people confuse the notion of evolution with the notion that traits inherited can be changed through conscious choice or use and abuse, which is called soft inheritance. 에볼루션카지노사이트 is a misunderstanding of the biological processes that lead up to evolution. A more precise description is that evolution is a two-step procedure which involves the separate and often conflicting forces of natural selection and mutation. Origins of Humans Modern humans (Homo Sapiens) evolved from primates, a species of mammal species that includes gorillas and chimpanzees. Our predecessors walked on two legs, as evidenced by the first fossils. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to Chimpanzees. In actual fact we are the closest with chimpanzees in the Pan Genus, which includes bonobos and pygmy-chimpanzees. The last common human ancestor as well as chimpanzees lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans have evolved a wide range of traits over time including bipedalism, the use of fire, and the development of advanced tools. It is only within the last 100,000 years that we have developed the majority of our key traits. They include a huge brain that is sophisticated, the ability of humans to create and use tools, and cultural diversity. Evolution is when genetic changes allow members of a group to better adapt to the environment. This adaptation is triggered by natural selection, which is a process by which certain traits are favored over other traits. The more adjusted are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. This is the way all species evolve and the basis of the theory of evolution. Scientists call this the “law of natural selection.” The law states species that have an ancestor in common will tend to develop similar characteristics in the course of time. This is because those traits allow them to survive and reproduce in their natural environment. All organisms have DNA molecules, which is the source of information that helps direct their growth and development. The DNA structure is made of base pairs that are arranged in a spiral around sugar and phosphate molecules. The sequence of bases within each strand determines the phenotype, the distinctive appearance and behavior of an individual. A variety of changes and reshuffling of genetic material (known as alleles) during sexual reproduction cause variation in a group. Fossils from the earliest human species, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been discovered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. These fossils, despite some differences in their appearance all support the idea that modern humans' ancestors originated in Africa. The fossil evidence and genetic evidence suggest that early humans migrated out of Africa into Asia and then Europe.