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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than one would expect. The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secular culture is emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making, block printing, art styles and writing to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and sometimes required them to serve in the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes that were created by the mouth while pronouncing. This significantly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was the first to be recorded. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a while. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territory. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand champions of the old system are seeking to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses. Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development that include illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier forms of life. In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and the introduction of Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also received wide attention. KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization presented its own work and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and several books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities. One instance of one KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that host talks and seminars to children and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. talks about it , or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this period the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music. The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However the rule of his was short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an alternative state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.